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Laser Crystals

Laser crystals are essential components in solid-state laser systems, enabling highly efficient optical performance, energy conversion, and wavelength control. 

Comparison Table

Crystal Name Wavelength Range (µm) Key Features Applications
Nd:YVO₄ 1.06 High gain, low threshold, ideal for diode-pumped lasers Medical lasers, scientific research, material processing
Nd:GdVO₄ 1.06 Efficient energy conversion, high thermal conductivity High-power lasers, industrial processing
Nd:YAG 1.06 Versatile, high energy storage, excellent thermal properties Industrial cutting, defense, LIDAR
Nd:KGW 1.06 Broad tunability, efficient for femtosecond lasers Femtosecond lasers, spectroscopy
Nd:YLF 1.047 – 1.053 Low thermal lensing, high pulse energy Microfabrication, medical lasers
Yb:CALGO 1.05 Wide emission bandwidth, high power capacity Ultrafast lasers, high-peak power systems
Yb:YAG 1.03 High efficiency, low quantum defect Material processing, scientific research
Yb:CaF2 1.03 High damage threshold, excellent optical quality High-energy lasers, femtosecond applications
Yb:KGW 1.03 Broad emission, low thermal lensing Spectroscopy, material processing
Cr⁴⁺:YAG 1.06 Passive Q-switch, generates short pulses Medical lasers, range-finding
Cr:LiSAF 0.85 – 1.05 Tunable output, ideal for ultrafast lasers Photodynamic therapy, ultrafast research
Er:YAG 2.94 Highly absorbed by water, used in medical lasers Dermatology, dentistry, medical lasers
Er:Yb:YAB 1.54 Efficient energy transfer, compact systems Telecommunications, compact laser systems
Er:Cr:YSGG 2.79 High absorption in water-rich tissues Surgical lasers, water-based tissue applications
Nd:Ce:YAG 1.06 Improved energy transfer, co-doped for high efficiency Industrial and medical-grade lasers
Ho:Cr:Tm:YAG 2.1 Multi-ion co-doping for high energy applications Precision cutting, defense applications
Ti:Sapphire 0.7 – 1.1 Broad tunability, ultrafast lasers Nonlinear optics, spectroscopy
Diffusion Bonded Crystals Varied Enhances thermal and optical properties High-power systems, industrial lasers
Pr:YLF 0.64 Compact lasers with low thresholds Telecommunications, compact systems
Ho:YAG 2.1 Low thermal lensing, efficient for medical applications Medical lasers, industrial processing
Er:YAG & Er,Cr:YAG 2.79 – 2.94 Wide absorption for water-based tissues Precision surgical applications, material processing
Er,Cr:YSGG 2.79 Highly efficient, mid-IR lasers Mid-IR laser applications
Er,Yb:Glass & Er,Yb,Cr:Glass 1.53 – 1.55 High homogeneity for fiber amplifiers Diagnostics, telecommunications
Ho:YLF 2.06 High pulse energy, low thermal effects Defense, aerospace, industrial lasers
Tm,Ho:KYW 2.0 Efficient mid-IR laser systems Spectroscopy, defense systems
Yb:KYW 1.03 Broad bandwidth, high thermal stability Scientific research, ultrafast lasers
Yb:YAB 1.03 Excellent thermal and optical properties Material processing, high-power systems
Yb:YAP 1.03 Polarized output, low thermal lensing Precision optics, ultrafast lasers
Yb:YLF 1.03 High optical quality, low thermal effects High-energy lasers, compact systems
Yb:YVO₄ 1.03 Wide emission bandwidth, compact lasers Compact lasers, telecommunications
Er:YLF 2.8 Efficient mid-IR lasers Medical diagnostics, industrial systems
Er,Yb:Phosphate Glass 1.53 – 1.55 Compact fiber amplifiers and diagnostics Fiber amplifiers, diagnostics
Tm:YLF 1.9 Efficient laser systems, low thermal lensing Medical lasers, industrial applications
Tm:YAP 1.9 Polarized output, efficient for medical applications Precision cutting, tissue ablation
Tm:KYW 1.9 Broad emission bandwidth, industrial lasers Industrial cutting, spectroscopy
Nd,Cr:YAG 1.06 High energy storage and low thermal effects Material processing, medical lasers
Er:KYW 2.8 Stable mid-IR performance Scientific research, mid-IR imaging

Neodymium Doped Yttrium Orthovanadate (Nd:YVO₄)

Nd:YVO₄ is a highly efficient laser crystal, known for its excellent absorption and emission properties. It offers high gain, low threshold power, and a large stimulated emission cross-section, making it suitable for diode-pumped solid-state lasers. This crystal is widely used in precision manufacturing, medical lasers, and scientific research due to its outstanding thermal and optical performance.
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Neodymium Doped Gadolinium Orthovanadate (Nd:GdVO₄)

Featuring similar properties to Nd:YVO₄, Nd:GdVO₄ boasts high gain and efficient laser output. It is particularly effective for high-power applications, including cutting-edge laser processing and marking. Its higher thermal conductivity compared to Nd:YVO₄ enhances performance in demanding environments.
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Neodymium Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Nd:YAG)

Nd:YAG is one of the most versatile and widely used laser crystals. It delivers excellent optical quality, high energy storage, and low threshold lasing. Applications range from industrial welding and medical treatments to defense and LIDAR systems.
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Neodymium Doped Potassium Gadolinium Tungstate (Nd:KGd(WO₄)₂)

Nd:KGW provides broad tunability and high energy efficiency, making it ideal for tunable laser systems and femtosecond pulse lasers. Its wide transparency range supports applications in spectroscopy, imaging, and laser micromachining.
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Neodymium Doped Yttrium Lithium Fluoride (Nd:YLiF₄)

Known for its low thermal lensing effect and high-quality output, Nd:YLF is ideal for high-pulse-energy lasers. It operates effectively in both continuous-wave and Q-switched modes, with key applications in medical lasers, microfabrication, and research-grade systems.
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Ytterbium Doped Calcium Gadolinium Aluminate (Yb:CaGdAlO₄)

Yb:CALGO is a high-power laser crystal with superior thermal conductivity and a wide emission bandwidth. It is particularly suited for ultrafast lasers and high-peak-power laser systems used in industrial and scientific applications.
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Ytterbium Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Yb:Y₃Al₅O₁₂)

Yb:YAG has revolutionized laser systems due to its high efficiency, excellent thermal properties, and reduced quantum defect. It is widely applied in material processing, high-power diode-pumped lasers, and scientific research.
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Ytterbium Doped Calcium Fluoride (Yb:CaF₂)

This crystal combines excellent optical homogeneity and high damage threshold, making it a popular choice for femtosecond lasers and high-energy applications. Its low nonlinear refractive index ensures stable and reliable performance.
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Ytterbium Doped Potassium Gadolinium Tungstate (Yb:KGd(WO₄)₂)

Yb:KGW excels in ultrafast laser applications due to its broad emission bandwidth and high thermal conductivity. It is widely used in spectroscopy, material processing, and scientific research requiring high peak power.
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Chromium Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Cr⁴⁺:YAG)

Cr⁴⁺:YAG is a versatile passive Q-switch crystal that is commonly used in diode-pumped lasers for generating short, high-energy pulses. Its applications include medical lasers, range-finding, and material processing.
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Chromium Doped Colquiriite (Cr³⁺:LiSrAlF₆)

Cr:LiSAF offers tunable laser output across a wide spectral range. It is particularly effective for medical applications, such as photodynamic therapy, and in scientific research for ultrafast pulse generation.
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Erbium Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Er:YAG)

Er:YAG emits laser light at 2.94 µm, a wavelength highly absorbed by water, making it an excellent choice for medical lasers used in dentistry and dermatology. Its high thermal stability ensures reliable performance in demanding applications.
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Erbium, Ytterbium Co-doped Yttrium Aluminum Borate (Er:Yb:YAB)

This co-doped crystal combines the benefits of Er and Yb ions for efficient energy transfer, making it ideal for compact and high-efficiency laser systems in telecommunications and medical fields.
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Titanium Doped Sapphire (Al₂O₃:Ti³⁺)

Renowned for its broad tunability and high peak power, Ti:Sapphire is the go-to choice for ultrafast laser applications, including spectroscopy, femtosecond pulse generation, and research in nonlinear optics.
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Diffusion Bonded Crystals

These crystals are engineered by bonding two or more materials to enhance thermal and optical properties. They are widely used in high-power laser systems to minimize thermal effects and improve overall performance.
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Thulium Doped Yttrium Lithium Fluoride (Tm:YLF)

Tm:YLF emits laser light at 1.9 µm, making it suitable for medical and industrial applications requiring precise cutting or heating. It is also used in mid-IR laser systems.
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Holmium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Ho:YAG)

Ho:YAG is a versatile laser crystal with an emission wavelength around 2.1 µm, ideal for medical applications such as lithotripsy and laser ablation. Its high efficiency in converting pump energy into laser output makes it suitable for compact and high-performance laser systems. Ho:YAG is also widely used in industrial and defense sectors for applications requiring precise cutting and range-finding.
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Erbium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Er:YAG) & Erbium and Chromium co-doped YAG (Er,Cr;YAG)

Er:YAG is a high-efficiency laser crystal emitting at 2.94 µm, making it particularly effective for medical applications such as dentistry and dermatology, where water absorption is critical. Er,Cr:YAG crystals combine chromium doping to improve energy transfer and overall efficiency, enabling even higher laser performance in precision surgical and industrial applications.
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Erbium-doped Yttrium Scandium Gallium Garnet (Er:YSGG)

Er:YSGG crystals operate at 2.79 µm, offering excellent absorption in water-rich tissues. These properties make them highly effective in laser dentistry and surgical procedures. They are also valued for their stability and efficiency in medical-grade laser systems.
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Erbium and Ytterbium co-doped Yttrium Aluminum Borate (Er,Yb:YAB)

Er,Yb:YAB crystals combine the efficiency of Yb as a sensitizer to enhance energy transfer to Er ions, resulting in superior laser performance. These crystals are widely used in compact laser systems for telecommunications, medical applications, and scientific research.
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Er,Yb:Glass & Er,Yb,Cr:Glass

Er,Yb-doped glass lasers are known for their high optical homogeneity and wide range of emission wavelengths. The addition of Cr improves efficiency and absorption, making them ideal for telecommunications and fiber-optic amplifiers. They are also used in compact and efficient laser systems for industrial and medical applications.
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Holmium-doped Yttrium Lithium Fluoride (Ho:YLF)

Ho:YLF emits at 2.06 µm and is valued for its low thermal lensing and high energy storage capabilities. It is widely used in defense, medical lasers, and industrial applications requiring high-energy output and stable performance.
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Thulium and Holmium co-doped Potassium Yttrium Tungstate (Tm,Ho:KYW)

Tm,Ho:KYW crystals offer a unique combination of high efficiency and broad emission bandwidth. These properties make them suitable for mid-IR laser applications in defense, spectroscopy, and industrial manufacturing.
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Ytterbium-doped Potassium Yttrium Tungstate (Yb:KYW)

Yb:KYW is an efficient laser crystal with a broad emission bandwidth, making it ideal for ultrafast laser systems. Its high thermal conductivity and low quantum defect enable reliable performance in industrial and scientific applications.
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Ytterbium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Borate (Yb:YAB)

Ytterbium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Borate (Yb:YAB) offers high optical quality and excellent thermal properties. These crystals are used in high-power diode-pumped laser systems for material processing, medical applications, and scientific research.
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Ytterbium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Perovskite (Yb:YAP)

Yb:YAP crystals feature high thermal conductivity and polarization-dependent properties, making them ideal for polarized laser output in industrial and scientific applications.
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Ytterbium-doped Yttrium Lithium Fluoride (Yb:YLF)

Yb:YLF is known for its low thermal lensing and high laser efficiency. These crystals are widely used in industrial-grade lasers for cutting, welding, and material processing.
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Ytterbium-doped Yttrium Orthovanadate (Yb:YVO₄)

Yb:YVO₄ crystals exhibit excellent thermal properties and high efficiency, making them suitable for compact laser systems in medical, industrial, and scientific fields.
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Erbium-doped Yttrium Lithium Fluoride (Er:YLF)

Er:YLF crystals emit at 2.8 µm, making them ideal for mid-IR laser applications. They are commonly used in medical lasers for precise cutting and dermatology procedures.
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Er,Yb-doped phosphate glass

Er,Yb:Phosphate glass offers high optical efficiency and homogeneity, making it a preferred choice for fiber-optic amplifiers and compact laser systems in telecommunications and medical diagnostics.
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Thulium-doped Yttrium Lithium Fluoride (Tm:YLF)

Tm:YLF emits at 1.9 µm and is widely used in medical and industrial lasers. Its high energy efficiency and low thermal lensing make it ideal for precision cutting and welding applications.
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Thulium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Perovskite (Tm:YAP)

Tm:YAP crystals are highly efficient for polarized laser emission. They are commonly used in medical and industrial applications, including tissue ablation and materials processing.
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Thulium-doped Potassium Yttrium Tungstate (Tm:KYW)

Tm:KYW offers excellent emission properties for mid-IR lasers. Its high energy storage capacity and broad emission range make it suitable for spectroscopy and industrial applications.
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Neodymium and Chromium co-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Nd,Cr:YAG)

Nd,Cr:YAG combines the benefits of both dopants, enhancing energy absorption and transfer efficiency. It is used in high-energy laser systems for industrial and medical applications.
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Erbium-doped Potassium Yttrium Tungstate (Er:KYW)

Er:KYW emits in the mid-IR range, making it ideal for medical lasers and scientific research. Its high thermal conductivity ensures stable performance in demanding applications.
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